The workings of the Atomic Clock
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Frequency reference masers use of the room (or chamber) glowing ionized gas, most often cesium, because cesium is the element used in the official definition of the second.Since 1967, the International System of Units (SI) has defined the second as 9,192,631,770 cycles of the radiation corresponding to the transition between two energy levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom. This definition makes the cesium oscillator (often called an atomic clock) the primary standard for time and frequency measurements (see cesium standard). Other physical quantities, like the volt and meter, rely on the definition of the second as part of the definition.
The content of the atomic clock is a microwave cavity (hole resonance) containing ionized gas, a microwave radio oscillator (tunable), and a feedback loop which is used to adjust the oscillator frequency to the right of the characteristic absorption (absorption) which is determined by the behavior of -masing atoms.
The microwave transmitter fills the room with radio waves standing (standing wave). When radio frequency coincides with the frequency of the hyperfine transition of cesium, cesium atoms absorb the radio waves and emit light. The radio waves make the electrons away from the nucleus. When the electrons return to near the nucleus, because the style of the opposite charge, electrons wiggle before they settle down in a new place. This movement causes the light, which is a wave of electricity and magnetism.
A photocell looks at the light. When the light gets dimmer because the frequency of the stimulus has been shifted from the resonance frequency, electronics between the photocell and radio transmitter adjusts the frequency of the radio transmitter.
This adjustment process is where most of the complexity of these systems are located. Tuning attempt to eliminate the side effects, such as frequencies from other electron transitions, distortions in quantum fields and temperature effects in the mechanisms. For example, a radio frequency that has been modified to generate a modulated sinusoidal signal at the photocell. The signal from the photocell can then be demodulated to be used as a control against long-term shift in the radio frequency. Thus, the properties of ultra-precise quantum mechanics of the atomic transition frequency of the cesium can be used to tune the microwave oscillator to the same frequency (except for the small amount of experimental error). In practice, feedback and monitoring mechanism is much more complex than described above. While the clock is first turned on, it takes a long time before it can be trusted.
A counter counts the waves created by the radio transmitter. A computer reads the counter, and math to change the number to something that looks like a digital clock or radio waves emitted. Of course, the real clock is the mechanism of cavity, oscillator, and a feedback loop that maintains frequency standards where the clock is.
A number of other methods used for atomic clocks for other purposes. Rubidium Clock highly preferred for their low cost and small size (commercial standards as small as 400 cm3), and short-term stability. The hours are widely used in commercial applications, portable, and outer space. Hydrogen maser (often made in Russia) has a strong short-term stability compared to other standards, but has the disadvantage in the long term accuracy.
Often, one standard is used to improve other standards. For example, a commercial application using Rubidium standards that dipautkan to a GPS receiver. This system has the toughness accuracy of short-term, long-term accuracy equivalent to a US national standard.
Standard age is an important issue. Modern Standard Rubidium can last more than ten years, and spent cost as little as US $ 50. Cesium reference tubes suitable for national standards, this time lasting up to seven years, and spent the fare for US $ 35,000. Standard Hydrogen can be preserved for a lifetime.
Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) of NASA developed the latest atomic clock technology called Deep Space Atomic Clock (DSAC) with 10 times more accurate than current atomic clocks. Technology-based atomic clocks DSAC mercuric ion was developed as a timer for space missions NASA future.
Source: https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam_atom